| Description | Beta-Pinene, also known as terbenthene or 2(10)-pinene, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as bicyclic monoterpenoids. These are monoterpenoids containing exactly 2 rings, which are fused to each other. Beta-Pinene is possibly neutral. Beta-Pinene is a dry, green, and hay tasting compound. Outside of the human body, beta-Pinene is found, on average, in the highest concentration within a few different foods, such as parsley, cumins, and corns and in a lower concentration in fennels, cornmints, and spearmints. Beta-Pinene has also been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as nutmegs, sweet oranges, pepper (c. Frutescens), tamarinds, and green bell peppers. This could make beta-pinene a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Beta-Pinene, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as ulcerative colitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; beta-pinene has also been linked to the inborn metabolic disorder celiac disease. β-pinene is found in Abies alba, Abies cilicica, Abies magnifica, Abies sachalinensis, Abies sibirica, Abutilon indicum, Achillea abrotanoides, Achillea asiatica, Achillea grandifolia, Achillea millefolium, Achillea nana, Achyrospermum africanum, Acokanthera oblongifolia, Acorus calamus, Acorus gramineus, Actaea japonica, Actinidia chinensis, Actinodium cunninghamii, Aegle marmelos, Aesculus hippocastanum, Aframomum angustifolium, Aframomum daniellii, Aframomum melegueta, Agastache rugosa, Agathosma betulina, Ageratum conyzoides, Ajania fastigiata, Ajuga chamaepitys, Aloysia citrodora, Aloysia gratissima, Aloysia triphylla, Alpinia chinensis, Alpinia conchigera, Alpinia galanga, Alpinia latilabris, Alpinia zerumbet, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Anethum graveolens, Angelica archangelica, Annona atemoya, Annona muricata, Annona reticulata, Anthemis aciphylla, Anthemis cotula, Cota tinctoria, Anthriscus cerefolium, Artemisia absinthium, Artemisia alba, Artemisia annua, Artemisia dracunculus, Artemisia halophila, Artemisia herba-alba, Artemisia lagocephala, Artemisia lagopus, Artemisia macrocephala, Artemisia rubripes, Artemisia salsoloides, Artemisia sericea, Artemisia spicigera, Artemisia thuscula, Artemisia tridentata, Artemisia vulgaris, Arum maculatum, Asarum asperum, Asarum canadense, Asarum fauriei, Asarum hexalobum, Asarum kumageanum, Aster scaber, Atalantia buxifolia, Athamanta macedonica, Austrobaileya scandens, Averrhoa carambola, Azadirachta indica, Baccharis dracunculifolia, Baccharis tucumanensis, Baccharis uncinella, Bellis perennis, Betonica macrantha, Betula alnoides, Bidens bipinnata, Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Boronia latipinna, Boswellia sacra, Boswellia serrata, Brassica napus, Brassica nigra, Bunium persicum, Bupleurum fruticescens, Bupleurum fruticosum, Bupleurum gibraltaricum, Bupleurum rigidum, Callicarpa americana, Callistemon linearis, Callistemon rigidus, Callitropsis nootkatensis, Calyptranthes spruceana, Cananga odorata, Canella winterana, Cannabis sativa, Hyptis spicigera, Cantinoa mutabilis, Capillipedium parviflorum, Catha edulis, Cedrus libani, Centella asiatica, Centratherum punctatum, Carapichea ipecacuanha, Cephalotaxus mannii, Chaerophyllum bulbosum, Chaerophyllum macrospermum, Chamaecyparis formosensis, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Chamaemelum nobile, Chiliadenus lopadusanus, Chromolaena odorata, Glebionis coronaria, Cinnamomum burmannii, Cinnamomum camphora, Cinnamomum tamala, Cinnamomum verum, Cistus clusii, Cistus creticus, Cistus incanus, Cistus ladanifer, Citrus aurantiifolia, Citrus aurantium, Citrus junos, Citrus limon, Citrus medica, Citrus natsudaidai, Citrus reticulata, Citrus sinensis, Citrus unshiu, Citrus wilsonii, Cleistopholis patens, Cleonia lusitanica, Clinopodium brownei, Clinopodium carolinianum, Clinopodium gilliesii, Clinopodium serpyllifolium, Clinopodium suaveolens, Commiphora gurreh, Condea verticillata, Conocephalum japonicum, Conyza sumatrensis, Coriandrum sativum, Cotinus coggygria, Croton malambo, Croton micans, Croton sarcopetalus, Cryptomeria japonica, Cuminum cyminum, Cunila microcephala, Cupressus sempervirens, Curcuma aeruginosa, Curcuma harmandii, Curcuma longa, Curcuma mangga, Curcuma pierreana, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Curcuma zedoaria, Cyclotrichium niveum, Cymbopogon distans, Cymbopogon flexuosus, Cymbopogon martinii, Cyperus rotundus, Dacrydium nausoriense, Daucus carota, Diplotaenia cachrydifolia, Echinacea purpurea, Echinophora chrysantha, Echinophora tenuifolia, Egletes viscosa, Elettaria cardamomum, Elsholtzia blanda, Elsholtzia ciliata, Elsholtzia fruticosa, Elsholtzia pilosa, Entandrophragma cylindricum, Erigeron canadensis, Erigeron philadelphicus, Coespeletia timotensis, Espeletia weddellii, Etlingera elatior, Eucalyptus apodophylla, Eucalyptus brassiana, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus cloeziana, Eucalyptus dealbata, Eucalyptus delegatensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus leucoxylon, Eucalyptus nitens, Eucalyptus nova-anglica, Eucalyptus paniculata, Eucalyptus pulverulenta, Eucalyptus radiata, Eucalyptus sideroxylon, Eucalyptus stenostoma, Eucalyptus tetraptera, Eupatorium cannabinum, Eupatorium capillifolium, Ferula assa-foetida, Ferula gummosa, Ferula ovina, Ferulago nodosa, Ficus carica, Foeniculum vulgare, Frullania spinifera, Glaucosciadium cordifolium, Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium sturtianum, Grindelia hirsutula, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Haplopappus foliosus, Hedychium spicatum, Hedyosmum mexicanum, Helichrysum odoratissimum, Helichrysum taenari, Schefflera heptaphylla, Heracleum dissectum, Heracleum persicum, Hesperis matronalis, Hesperozygis rhododon, Heteropyxis natalensis, Heterotheca subaxillaris, Houttuynia cordata, Humulus lupulus, Hymenocrater incanus, Hypericum androsaemum, Hypericum foliosum, Hypericum heterophyllum, Hypericum hircinum, Hypericum perfoliatum, Hypericum rumeliacum, Hypericum triquetrifolium, Mesosphaerum suaveolens, Hyssopus officinalis, Hyssopus seravschanicus, Illicium verum, Isodon melissoides, Juglans nigra, Juglans regia, Juniperus communis, Juniperus durangensis, Juniperus monticola, Keteleeria davidiana, Kippistia suaedifolia, Kunzea ericoides, Kunzea salina, Lantana camara, Lantana ukambensis, Larix gmelinii, Larix gmelinii, Larix kaempferi, Larix occidentalis, Larix sibirica, Laser trilobum, Laurus nobilis, Lavandula angustifolia, Lavandula latifolia, Lavandula stoechas, Leonotis leonurus, Lepechinia chamaedryoides, Lepechinia floribunda, Leptospermum scoparium, Levisticum officinale, Ligusticum chuanxiong, Lindera aggregata, Lindera neesiana, Phyla nodiflora, Liquidambar styraciflua, Liriodendron tulipifera, Litchi chinensis, Litsea glaucescens, Machilus japonica, Machilus thunbergii, Magnolia obovata, Mangifera indica, Marsupella emarginata, Matricaria chamomilla, Matricaria matricarioides, Melaleuca alternifolia, Melaleuca linariifolia, Mentha aquatica, Mentha longifolia, Mentha piperita, Mentha suaveolens, Mentha spicata, Mentha verticillata, Micromeria biflora, Micromeria juliana, Micromeria myrtifolia, Micromeria varia, Mikania cordifolia, Minthostachys andina, Minthostachys mollis, Molopospermum peloponnesiacum, Monanthotaxis capea, Monarda citriodora, Monarda fistulosa, Monardella hypoleuca, Montanoa tomentosa, Mosla cavaleriei, Mosla chinensis, Myrcianthes cisplatensis, Myrcianthes fragrans, Myristica fragrans, Myrtus communis, Nasutitermes ephratae, Nasutitermes johoricus, Nasutitermes nigriceps, Nelumbo lutea, Nepeta binaloudensis, Nepeta crispa, Nepeta nepetella, Nepeta nuda, Nepeta racemosa, Nicotiana alata, Ocimum americanum, Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum campechianum, Ocimum gratissimum, Ocimum kilimandscharicum, Oenanthe aquatica, Olearia phlogopappa, Ophrys sphegodes, Origanum acutidens, Origanum cordifolium, Origanum dictamnus, Origanum hypericifolium, Origanum laevigatum, Origanum majorana, Origanum minutiflorum, Origanum onites, Origanum sipyleum, Origanum syriacum, Origanum vulgare, Osbornia octodonta, Parthenium argentatum, Parthenium confertum, Pectis elongata, Pelargonium endlicherianum, Pelargonium quercifolium, Perilla frutescens, Persea americana, Petroselinum crispum, Peucedanum oreoselinum, Peucedanum zenkeri, Phlomis fruticosa, Phlomis lanata, Phyla dulcis, Picea abies, Picea glehnii, Picea koraiensis, Picea orientalis, Picea rubens, Picea schrenkiana, Pieris napi, Pimenta racemosa, Pimpinella serbica, Pinus brutia, Pinus caribaea, Pinus cembra, Pinus contorta, Pinus densiflora, Pinus flexilis, Pinus heldreichii, Pinus jeffreyi, Pinus johannis, Pinus longaeva, Pinus merkusii, Pinus oocarpa, Pinus palustris, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus pumila, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus taeda, Piper aduncum, Piper arboreum, Piper auritum, Piper betle, Piper cernuum, Piper corcovadense, Piper gaudichaudianum, Piper guineense, Piper marginatum, Piper nigrum, Piper sylvestre, Pistacia atlantica, Pistacia integerrima, Pistacia vera, Pittosporum balfourii, Pleodendron costaricense, Poliomintha incana, Porophyllum ruderale, Prangos uechtritzii, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Psiadia altissima, Psidium salutare, Pteronia incana, Ptychopetalum olacoides, Pycnanthemum floridanum, Quercus ilex, Renealmia alpinia, Renealmia floribunda, Rhaponticum carthamoides, Rhodiola rosea, Rhododendron dauricum, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rhododendron triflorum, Salvia absconditiflora, Salvia aurea, Salvia caespitosa, Salvia candidissima, Salvia cuspidata, Salvia dorisiana, Salvia fruticosa, Salvia hydrangea, Salvia munzii, Salvia officinalis, Salvia pomifera, Salvia rosmarinus, Salvia sahendica, Salvia sclarea, Salvia vermifolia, Santiria trimera, Santolina chamaecyparissus, Santolina rosmarinifolia, Sassafras albidum, Satureja cuneifolia, Satureja hortensis, Satureja montana, Satureja spicigera, Satureja thymbra, Scalesia pedunculata, Scandix australis, Schinus molle, Sequoia sempervirens, Sequoiadendron giganteum, Sideritis athoa, Sideritis perfoliata, Sideritis raeseri, Sideritis romana, Sideritis tragoriganum, Sium latifolium, Solanecio biafrae, Solanum agrimoniifolium, Solanum stuckertii, Solidago canadensis, Solidago odora, Sphagneticola trilobata, Stachys aegyptiaca, Stachys recta, Stevia rebaudiana, Stoebe vulgaris, Syzygium aromaticum, Syzygium cumini, Syzygium nervosum, Tagetes minuta, Tamarindus indica, Tambourissa leptophylla, Tanacetum millefolium, Tanacetum parthenium, Tanacetum vulgare, Targionia hypophylla, Taxodium distichum, Tessaria fastigiata, Teucrium cyprium, Teucrium leucocladum, Teucrium melissoides, Teucrium polium, Teucrium sandrasicum, Teucrium scorodonia, Thapsia maxima, Thuja occidentalis, Thymbra capitata, Thymbra spicata, Thymus broussonetii, Thymus citriodorus, Thymus eigii, Thymus fedtschenkoi, Thymus kotschyanus, Thymus longicaulis, Thymus revolutus, Thymus saturejoides, Thymus sibthorpii, Thymus sipyleus, Thymus vulgaris, Thymus zygioides, Tithonia diversifolia, Toddalia asiatica, Trachyspermum ammi, Trichostema dichotomum, Umbellularia californica, Uvaria chamae, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Valeriana officinalis, Neofinetia falcata, Chrysopogon zizanioides, Virola surinamensis, Vitex agnus-castus, Vitex negundo, Xanthium strumarium, Xenophyllum poposum, Xylopia aethiopica, Xylopia aromatica, Xylopia parviflora, Zanthoxylum bungeanum, Zanthoxylum gilletii, Zanthoxylum piperitum, Zanthoxylum simulans, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, Zea mays, Zingiber mioga, Zingiber montanum, Zingiber officinale and Zingiber zerumbet. It was first documented in 1991 (PMID: 1949901). Widely distributed in plants, usually associated with a-Pinene JPV84-W but in smaller amounts (PMID: 23472478) (PMID: 23513734) (PMID: 23738469) (PMID: 24555296). |
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