Record Information |
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Version | 1.0 |
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Created at | 2006-02-08 11:18:35 UTC |
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Updated at | 2020-11-24 22:16:43 UTC |
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NP-MRD ID | NP0000590 |
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Secondary Accession Numbers | None |
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Natural Product Identification |
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Common Name | Tetrahydrofolic acid |
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Description | Tetrahydrofolate is a soluble coenzyme (vitamin B9) that is synthesized de novo by plants and microorganisms, and absorbed from the diet by animals. It is composed of three distinct parts: A pterin ring, a p-ABA (p-aminobenzoic acid) and a polyglutamate chain with a number of residues varying between 1 and 8. Only the tetra-reduced form of the molecule serves as a coenzyme for C1 transfer reactions. In biological systems, the C1-units exist under various oxidation states and the different tetrahydrofolate derivatives constitute a family of related molecules named indistinctly under the generic term folate. (PMID 16042593 ). Folate is important for cells and tissues that rapidly divide. Cancer cells divide rapidly, and drugs that interfere with folate metabolism are used to treat cancer. Methotrexate is a drug often used to treat cancer because it inhibits the production of the active form, tetrahydrofolate. Unfortunately, methotrexate can be toxic, producing side effects such as inflammation in the digestive tract that make it difficult to eat normally. -- Wikipedia; Signs of folic acid deficiency are often subtle. Diarrhea, loss of appetite, and weight loss can occur. Additional signs are weakness, sore tongue, headaches, heart palpitations, irritability, and behavioral disorders. Women with folate deficiency who become pregnant are more likely to give birth to low birth weight and premature infants, and infants with neural tube defects. In adults, anemia is a sign of advanced folate deficiency. In infants and children, folate deficiency can slow growth rate. Some of these symptoms can also result from a variety of medical conditions other than folate deficiency. It is important to have a physician evaluate these symptoms so that appropriate medical care can be given. -- Wikipedia; Folinic acid is a form of folate that can help 'rescue' or reverse the toxic effects of methotrexate. Folinic acid is not the same as folic acid. Folic acid supplements have little established role in cancer chemotherapy. There have been cases of severe adverse effects of accidental substitution of folic acid for folinic acid in patients receiving methotrexate cancer chemotherapy. It is important for anyone receiving methotrexate to follow medical advice on the use of folic or folinic acid supplements. -- Wikipedia. Low concentrations of folate, vitamin B12, or vitamin B6 may increase the level of homocysteine, an amino acid normally found in blood. There is evidence that an elevated homocysteine level is an independent risk factor for heart disease and stroke. The evidence suggests that high levels of homocysteine may damage coronary arteries or make it easier for blood clotting cells called platelets to clump together and form a clot. However, there is currently no evidence available to suggest that lowering homocysteine with vitamins will reduce your risk of heart disease. Clinical intervention trials are needed to determine whether supplementation with folic acid, vitamin B12 or vitamin B6 can lower your risk of developing coronary heart disease. -- Wikipedia. |
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Structure | NC1=NC(=O)C2=C(NC[C@H](CNC3=CC=C(C=C3)C(=O)NC(CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)N2)N1 InChI=1S/C19H23N7O6/c20-19-25-15-14(17(30)26-19)23-11(8-22-15)7-21-10-3-1-9(2-4-10)16(29)24-12(18(31)32)5-6-13(27)28/h1-4,11-12,21,23H,5-8H2,(H,24,29)(H,27,28)(H,31,32)(H4,20,22,25,26,30)/t11-,12?/m0/s1 |
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Synonyms | Value | Source |
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Tetrahydrofolate | Generator | (6S)-Tetrahydrofolate | HMDB | (6S)-Tetrahydrofolic acid | HMDB | 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydrofolate | HMDB | 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydrofolic acid | HMDB | Tetra-H-folate | HMDB | Tetrahydrafolate | HMDB | Tetrahydropteroyl mono-L-glutamate | HMDB | Tetrahydropteroylglutamate | HMDB |
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Chemical Formula | C19H23N7O6 |
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Average Mass | 445.4292 Da |
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Monoisotopic Mass | 445.17098 Da |
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IUPAC Name | 2-{[4-({[(6S)-4-hydroxy-2-imino-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydropteridin-6-yl]methyl}amino)phenyl]formamido}pentanedioic acid |
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Traditional Name | 2-{[4-({[(6S)-4-hydroxy-2-imino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1H-pteridin-6-yl]methyl}amino)phenyl]formamido}pentanedioic acid |
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CAS Registry Number | 135-16-0 |
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SMILES | NC1=NC(=O)C2=C(NC[C@H](CNC3=CC=C(C=C3)C(=O)NC(CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)N2)N1 |
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InChI Identifier | InChI=1S/C19H23N7O6/c20-19-25-15-14(17(30)26-19)23-11(8-22-15)7-21-10-3-1-9(2-4-10)16(29)24-12(18(31)32)5-6-13(27)28/h1-4,11-12,21,23H,5-8H2,(H,24,29)(H,27,28)(H,31,32)(H4,20,22,25,26,30)/t11-,12?/m0/s1 |
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InChI Key | MSTNYGQPCMXVAQ-PXYINDEMSA-N |
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Experimental Spectra |
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| Spectrum Type | Description | Depositor Email | Depositor Organization | Depositor | Deposition Date | View |
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2D NMR | [1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum |
| Predicted Spectra |
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| Spectrum Type | Description | Depositor ID | Depositor Organization | Depositor | Deposition Date | View |
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1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 25 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 1000 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 252 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 50 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 75 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 101 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 126 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 151 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 176 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 201 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum | 1D NMR | 13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 226 MHz, D2O, predicted) | Wishart Lab | Wishart Lab | David Wishart | 2021-06-20 | View Spectrum |
| Chemical Shift Submissions |
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| Not Available | Species |
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Species of Origin | |
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Species Where Detected | |
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Chemical Taxonomy |
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Description | Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tetrahydrofolic acids. These are heterocyclic compounds based on the 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with at least one L-glutamic acid unit. |
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Kingdom | Organic compounds |
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Super Class | Organoheterocyclic compounds |
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Class | Pteridines and derivatives |
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Sub Class | Pterins and derivatives |
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Direct Parent | Tetrahydrofolic acids |
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Alternative Parents | |
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Substituents | - Tetrahydrofolic acid
- Glutamic acid or derivatives
- Hippuric acid or derivatives
- Hippuric acid
- N-acyl-alpha-amino acid
- N-acyl-alpha amino acid or derivatives
- Alpha-amino acid or derivatives
- Aminobenzamide
- Aminobenzoic acid or derivatives
- Benzamide
- Benzoic acid or derivatives
- Benzoyl
- Phenylalkylamine
- Aniline or substituted anilines
- Aminopyrimidine
- Pyrimidone
- Secondary aliphatic/aromatic amine
- Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
- Monocyclic benzene moiety
- Benzenoid
- Pyrimidine
- Heteroaromatic compound
- Vinylogous amide
- Amino acid or derivatives
- Secondary carboxylic acid amide
- Carboxamide group
- Amino acid
- Azacycle
- Carboxylic acid derivative
- Carboxylic acid
- Secondary amine
- Primary amine
- Organic nitrogen compound
- Carbonyl group
- Hydrocarbon derivative
- Organic oxide
- Amine
- Organopnictogen compound
- Organic oxygen compound
- Organonitrogen compound
- Organooxygen compound
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound
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Molecular Framework | Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds |
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External Descriptors | Not Available |
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Physical Properties |
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State | Solid |
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Experimental Properties | Property | Value | Reference |
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Melting Point | 250 °C | Not Available | Boiling Point | Not Available | Not Available | Water Solubility | 0.27 g/L | Not Available | LogP | -2.7 | Not Available |
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Predicted Properties | |
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General References | - Dietrich M, Brown CJ, Block G: The effect of folate fortification of cereal-grain products on blood folate status, dietary folate intake, and dietary folate sources among adult non-supplement users in the United States. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005 Aug;24(4):266-74. [PubMed:16093404 ]
- Pufulete M, Al-Ghnaniem R, Khushal A, Appleby P, Harris N, Gout S, Emery PW, Sanders TA: Effect of folic acid supplementation on genomic DNA methylation in patients with colorectal adenoma. Gut. 2005 May;54(5):648-53. [PubMed:15831910 ]
- Stuerenburg HJ, Ganzer S, Arlt S, Muller-Thomsen T: The influence of smoking on plasma folate and lipoproteins in Alzheimer disease, mild cognitive impairment and depression. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2005 Jun;26(3):261-3. [PubMed:15990733 ]
- Tchantchou F: Homocysteine metabolism and various consequences of folate deficiency. J Alzheimers Dis. 2006 Aug;9(4):421-7. [PubMed:16917151 ]
- Garbis SD, Melse-Boonstra A, West CE, van Breemen RB: Determination of folates in human plasma using hydrophilic interaction chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem. 2001 Nov 15;73(22):5358-64. [PubMed:11816560 ]
- Kamen BA, Smith AK: A review of folate receptor alpha cycling and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate accumulation with an emphasis on cell models in vitro. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2004 Apr 29;56(8):1085-97. [PubMed:15094208 ]
- Ahmed F, Khan MR, Akhtaruzzaman M, Karim R, Marks GC, Banu CP, Nahar B, Williams G: Efficacy of twice-weekly multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving the hemoglobin and micronutrient status of anemic adolescent schoolgirls in Bangladesh. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Oct;82(4):829-35. [PubMed:16210713 ]
- Zhu WY, Alliegro MA, Melera PW: The rate of folate receptor alpha (FR alpha) synthesis in folate depleted CHL cells is regulated by a translational mechanism sensitive to media folate levels, while stable overexpression of its mRNA is mediated by gene amplification and an increase in transcript half-life. J Cell Biochem. 2001 Mar 26;81(2):205-19. [PubMed:11241661 ]
- Authors unspecified: Pemetrexed: new drug. Pleural mesothelioma: a first encouraging trial. Prescrire Int. 2005 Dec;14(80):212-4. [PubMed:16400741 ]
- Asrar FM, O'Connor DL: Bacterially synthesized folate and supplemental folic acid are absorbed across the large intestine of piglets. J Nutr Biochem. 2005 Oct;16(10):587-93. [PubMed:16081276 ]
- Pieniazek D, Kubalska J, Pronicka E, Stecko E: Disturbances in histidine metabolism in children with speech abnormalities. Acta Anthropogenet. 1985;9(1-3):117-21. [PubMed:2887178 ]
- Ozer B, Serin E, Gumurdulu Y, Kayaselcuk F, Anarat R, Gur G, Kul K, Guclu M, Boyacioglu S: Helicobacter pylori eradication lowers serum homocysteine level in patients without gastric atrophy. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 May 14;11(18):2764-7. [PubMed:15884118 ]
- Greenwald P, Milner JA, Anderson DE, McDonald SS: Micronutrients in cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2002;21(3-4):217-30. [PubMed:12549762 ]
- Siega-Riz AM, Savitz DA, Zeisel SH, Thorp JM, Herring A: Second trimester folate status and preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Dec;191(6):1851-7. [PubMed:15592264 ]
- Taber LD, O'Brien P, Bowsher RR, Sportsman JR: Competitive particle concentration fluorescence immunoassay for measuring 5,10-dideaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid (lometrexol) in serum. Clin Chem. 1991 Feb;37(2):254-60. [PubMed:1993335 ]
- Mattson MP: Gene-diet interactions in brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders. Ann Intern Med. 2003 Sep 2;139(5 Pt 2):441-4. [PubMed:12965973 ]
- Baggott JE, Johanning GL, Branham KE, Prince CW, Morgan SL, Eto I, Vaughn WH: Cofactor role for 10-formyldihydrofolic acid. Biochem J. 1995 Jun 15;308 ( Pt 3):1031-6. [PubMed:8948466 ]
- Makino Y, Nagano M, Tamura K, Kawarabayashi T: Pregnancy complicated with pure red cell aplasia: a case report. J Perinat Med. 2003;31(6):530-4. [PubMed:14711112 ]
- Pljesa S: [Possible complications of erythropoietin therapy in patients with chronic renal failure]. Med Pregl. 2004 May-Jun;57(5-6):254-7. [PubMed:15503795 ]
- Wang S, Low PS: Folate-mediated targeting of antineoplastic drugs, imaging agents, and nucleic acids to cancer cells. J Control Release. 1998 Apr 30;53(1-3):39-48. [PubMed:9741912 ]
- Hankey GJ, Eikelboom JW, Loh K, Tang M, Pizzi J, Thom J, Yi Q: Sustained homocysteine-lowering effect over time of folic acid-based multivitamin therapy in stroke patients despite increasing folate status in the population. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2005;19(2):110-6. Epub 2004 Dec 17. [PubMed:15608435 ]
- Ramaekers VT, Rothenberg SP, Sequeira JM, Opladen T, Blau N, Quadros EV, Selhub J: Autoantibodies to folate receptors in the cerebral folate deficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005 May 12;352(19):1985-91. [PubMed:15888699 ]
- Verwei M, Arkbage K, Mocking H, Havenaar R, Groten J: The binding of folic acid and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to folate-binding proteins during gastric passage differs in a dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal model. J Nutr. 2004 Jan;134(1):31-7. [PubMed:14704289 ]
- Mattson MP: Will caloric restriction and folate protect against AD and PD? Neurology. 2003 Feb 25;60(4):690-5. [PubMed:12601113 ]
- Omura Y: Excessive use of Steroid Hormone & beneficial effects of True St. 36 acupuncture on malignant brain tumors--part I; how to estimate non-invasively presence of excess dose of Steroid Hormone in patients, baseball players & other professional athletes from its toxic effects on heart & pancreas, as well as persistent or recurrent infection--part II. Acupunct Electrother Res. 2005;30(1-2):57-102. [PubMed:16231633 ]
- Paulionis L, Kane SL, Meckling KA: Vitamin status and cognitive function in a long-term care population. BMC Geriatr. 2005 Dec 13;5:16. [PubMed:16351716 ]
- Lu S, Chen GL, Ren C, Kwabi-Addo B, Epner DE: Methionine restriction selectively targets thymidylate synthase in prostate cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 2003 Sep 1;66(5):791-800. [PubMed:12948860 ]
- Durga J, van Boxtel MP, Schouten EG, Bots ML, Kok FJ, Verhoef P: Folate and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C-->T mutation correlate with cognitive performance. Neurobiol Aging. 2006 Feb;27(2):334-43. Epub 2005 Feb 24. [PubMed:16399216 ]
- Smith DE, Kok RM, Teerlink T, Jakobs C, Smulders YM: Quantitative determination of erythrocyte folate vitamer distribution by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2006;44(4):450-9. [PubMed:16599840 ]
- Wolters M, Strohle A, Hahn A: [Age-associated changes in the metabolism of vitamin B(12) and folic acid: prevalence, aetiopathogenesis and pathophysiological consequences]. Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2004 Apr;37(2):109-35. [PubMed:15103481 ]
- Sahr T, Ravanel S, Rebeille F: Tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis and distribution in higher plants. Biochem Soc Trans. 2005 Aug;33(Pt 4):758-62. [PubMed:16042593 ]
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