Np mrd loader

Record Information
Version1.0
Created at2006-05-18 08:53:59 UTC
Updated at2021-10-07 20:40:32 UTC
NP-MRD IDNP0000237
Secondary Accession NumbersNone
Natural Product Identification
Common NameNicotine
DescriptionNicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants (Solanaceae), predominantly in tobacco and in lower quantities in tomato, potato, eggplant (aubergine), and green pepper. Nicotine alkaloids are also found in the leaves of the coca plant. Nicotine constitutes 0.3 To 5% of the tobacco plant by dry weight, with biosynthesis taking place in the root and accumulation in the leaves. It is a potent neurotoxin with particular specificity to insects; therefore nicotine was widely used as an insecticide in the past and nicotine derivatives such as imidacloprid continue to be widely used. It has been noted that the majority of people diagnosed with schizophrenia smoke tobacco. Estimates for the number of schizophrenics that smoke range from 75% to 90%. It was recently argued that the increased level of smoking in schizophrenia may be due to a desire to self-medicate with nicotine. More recent research has found the reverse: It is a risk factor without long-term benefit, used only for its short-term effects. However, research on nicotine as administered through a patch or gum is ongoing. As nicotine enters the body, it is distributed quickly through the bloodstream and can cross the blood-brain barrier. On average, it takes about seven seconds for the substance to reach the brain. The half-life of nicotine in the body is around 2 hours. The amount of nicotine inhaled with tobacco smoke is a fraction of the amount contained in the tobacco leaves (most of the substance is destroyed by the heat). The amount of nicotine absorbed by the body from smoking depends on many factors, including the type of tobacco, whether the smoke is inhaled, and whether a filter is used. For chewing tobacco, often called dip, snuff, or sinus, which is held in the mouth between the lip and gum, the amount released into the body tends to be much greater than smoked tobacco. The currently available literature indicates that nicotine, on its own, does not promote the development of cancer in healthy tissue and has no mutagenic properties. Its teratogenic properties have not yet been adequately researched, and while the likelihood of birth defects caused by nicotine is believed to be very small or nonexistent, nicotine replacement product manufacturers recommend consultation with a physician before using a nicotine patch or nicotine gum while pregnant or nursing. However, nicotine and the increased acetylcholinic activity it causes have been shown to impede apoptosis, which is one of the methods by which the body destroys unwanted cells (programmed cell death). Since apoptosis helps to remove mutated or damaged cells that may eventually become cancerous, the inhibitory actions of nicotine create a more favourable environment for cancer to develop. Thus, nicotine plays an indirect role in carcinogenesis. It is also important to note that its addictive properties are often the primary motivating factor for tobacco smoking, contributing to the proliferation of cancer. Nicotine is a highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. Nicotine is a hygroscopic, oily liquid that is miscible with water in its base form. As a nitrogenous base, nicotine forms salts with acids that are usually solid and water soluble. Nicotine easily penetrates the skin. As shown by the physical data, free base nicotine will burn at a temperature below its boiling point, and its vapours will combust at 95 °C in the air despite a low vapour pressure. Because of this, most nicotine is burned when a cigarette is smoked; however, enough is inhaled to provide the desired effects. Nicotine is a stimulant drug that acts as an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. These are ionotropic receptors composed of five homomeric or heteromeric subunits. In the brain, nicotine binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on dopaminergic neurons in the cortico-limbic pathways. This causes the channel to open and allow conductance of multiple cations including sodium, calcium, and potassium. This leads to depolarization, which activates voltage-gated calcium channels and allows more calcium to enter the axon terminal. Calcium stimulates vesicle trafficking towards the plasma membrane and the release of dopamine into the synapse. Dopamine binding to its receptors is responsible for the euphoric and addictive properties of nicotine. Nicotine also binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. Binding opens the ion channel allowing an influx of sodium which causes depolarization of the cell and activates voltage-gated calcium channels. Calcium triggers the release of epinephrine from intracellular vesicles into the bloodstream, which causes vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, and increased blood sugar. Cotinine is a byproduct of the metabolism of nicotine which remains in the blood for up to 48 hours and can be used as an indicator of a person's exposure to smoke. In high doses, nicotine will cause a blocking of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, which is the reason for its toxicity and its effectiveness as an insecticide. In lower concentrations, the substance acts as a stimulant in mammals and is one of the main factors responsible for the dependence-forming and energy-boosting properties of tobacco smoking.
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
(-)-NicotineChEBI
(-)-3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidyl)pyridineChEBI
(-)-3-(N-Methylpyrrolidino)pyridineChEBI
(R)-3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridineChEBI
(S)-(-)-NicotineChEBI
(S)-3-(1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineChEBI
(S)-3-(N-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineChEBI
1-Methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)pyrrolidineChEBI
3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrollidinyl)pyridineChEBI
3-(1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineChEBI
3-(2-(N-Methylpyrrolidinyl))pyridineChEBI
3-(N-Methylpyrollidino)pyridineChEBI
L(-)-NicotineChEBI
L-3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidyl)pyridineChEBI
L-NicotineChEBI
(S)-NicotineKegg
HabitrolKegg
(+)-NicotineHMDB
(R,S)-NicotineHMDB
1-Methyl-2-(3-pyridal)-pyrrolideneHMDB
1-Methyl-2-(3-pyridal)-pyrrolidineHMDB
1-Methyl-2-(3-pyridiyl)pyrrolidineHMDB
2'-beta-H-NicotineHMDB
3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-pyridineHMDB
3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridineHMDB
3-(N-Methylpyrrolidino)pyridineHMDB
3-N-MethylpyrrolidineHMDB
a -N-MethylpyrrolidineHMDB
a-N-MethylpyrrolidineHMDB
alpha-N-MethylpyrrolidineHMDB
beta-Pyridyl-alpha-N-methylpyrrolidineHMDB
D-NicotineHMDB
delta-NicotineHMDB
DestruxolHMDB
DL-TetrahydronicotyrineHMDB
Fumeto bacHMDB
Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridineHMDB
NicodermHMDB
Nicotine polacrilexHMDB
R)-(+)-NicotineHMDB
Tartrate, nicotineHMDB
Nicotine bitartrateHMDB
Nicotine tartrateHMDB
Bitartrate, nicotineHMDB
NicotineChEBI
Chemical FormulaC10H14N2
Average Mass162.2316 Da
Monoisotopic Mass162.11570 Da
IUPAC Name3-[(2S)-1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]pyridine
Traditional Namenicoderm CQ
CAS Registry Number54-11-5
SMILES
[H][C@]1(CCCN1C)C1=CC=CN=C1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C10H14N2/c1-12-7-3-5-10(12)9-4-2-6-11-8-9/h2,4,6,8,10H,3,5,7H2,1H3/t10-/m0/s1
InChI KeySNICXCGAKADSCV-JTQLQIEISA-N
Experimental Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionDepositor EmailDepositor OrganizationDepositorDeposition DateView
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, simulated)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, experimental)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)Wishart LabWishart LabDavid Wishart2021-06-20View Spectrum
Predicted Spectra
Not Available
Chemical Shift Submissions
Not Available
Species
Species of Origin
Species NameSourceReference
Acacia concinnaKNApSAcK Database
Acacia rigidula Benth.KNApSAcK Database
Areca catechuKNApSAcK Database
Argyreia mollisKNApSAcK Database
Asclepias syriacaKNApSAcK Database
Brassica oleraceaLOTUS Database
Corydalis yanhusuoKNApSAcK Database
Cyphanthera anthocercideaKNApSAcK Database
Cyphanthera tasmanica MiersLOTUS Database
Dendrolycopodium obscurumLOTUS Database
Duboisia hopwoodiiLOTUS Database
Duboisia leichhardtiiLOTUS Database
Duboisia myoporoidesLOTUS Database
Equisetum arvenseKNApSAcK Database
Erythroxylum cocaLOTUS Database
Erythroxylum cuneatumLOTUS Database
Erythroxylum zambesiacumLOTUS Database
Haloxylon persicumLOTUS Database
Homo sapiensLOTUS Database
Lycopodium spp.KNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana acaulisKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana acuminataKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana africanaKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana alataKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana ameghinoiKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana amplexicaulisKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana arentsiiKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana attenuataKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana benavidesiiKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana benthamianaKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana bigeloviiKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana bonariensisKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana cavicolaKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana clevelandiiKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana cordifoliaKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana corymbosaKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana debneyiKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana excelsiorKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana exiguaKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana forgetianaKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana fragransKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana glaucaKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana glutinosaKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana goodspeediiKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana gosseiKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana hesperisKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana ingulbaKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana kawakamiiKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana knightianaKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana langsdorffiiKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana linearisKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana longibracteataKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana longifloraKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana maritimaKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana megalosiphonKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana miersiiKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana nesophilaKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana noctifloraKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana nudicaulisKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana occidentalisKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana otophoraKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana paniculataKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana paucifloraKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana petunioidesKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana plumbaginifoliaKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana raimondiiKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana repandaKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana rosulataKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana rotundifoliaKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana rusticaKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana setchelliiKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana simulansKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana solanifoliaKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana sp.KNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana spegazziniiKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana stocktoniiKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana suaveolensKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana sylvestrisKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana tabacumKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana thyrosifloraKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana tomentosaKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana tomentosiformisKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana trigonophyllaKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana umbraticaLOTUS Database
Nicotiana undulataKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana velutinaKNApSAcK Database
Nicotiana wigandioidesKNApSAcK Database
Sedum acreKNApSAcK Database
Senegalia berlandieriLOTUS Database
Solanum tuberosumLOTUS Database
Vachellia rigidulaLOTUS Database
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrrolidinylpyridines. Pyrrolidinylpyridines are compounds containing a pyrrolidinylpyridine ring system, which consists of a pyrrolidine ring linked to a pyridine ring.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganoheterocyclic compounds
ClassPyridines and derivatives
Sub ClassPyrrolidinylpyridines
Direct ParentPyrrolidinylpyridines
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Pyrrolidinylpyridine
  • Alkaloid or derivatives
  • Aralkylamine
  • N-alkylpyrrolidine
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Pyrrolidine
  • Tertiary aliphatic amine
  • Tertiary amine
  • Azacycle
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Amine
  • Aromatic heteromonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic heteromonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Physical Properties
StateLiquid
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point-79 °CNot Available
Boiling Point247.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm HgThe Good Scents Company Information System
Water Solubility1000 mg/mLNot Available
LogP1.17Hansch CH, Leo A and Hoekman DH. "Exploring QSAR: Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constraints. Volume 1" ACS Publications (1995).
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility93.3 g/LALOGPS
logP0.87ALOGPS
logP1.16ChemAxon
logS-0.24ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Basic)8.58ChemAxon
Physiological Charge1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area16.13 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count1ChemAxon
Refractivity49.66 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability18.59 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings2ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
HMDB IDHMDB0001934
DrugBank IDDB00184
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FoodDB IDFDB030174
KNApSAcK IDC00002057
Chemspider ID80863
KEGG Compound IDC00745
BioCyc IDNICOTINE
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkNicotine
METLIN ID1526
PubChem Compound89594
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID17688
Good Scents IDrw1142371
References
General References
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  19. Metz-Favre C, Donnay C, de Blay F: [Markers of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure]. Rev Mal Respir. 2005 Feb;22(1 Pt 1):81-92. [PubMed:15968761 ]
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